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Constantine III of Scotland
Constantine, son of Cuilén (Mediaeval Gaelic: ''Causantín mac Cuiléin''; Modern Gaelic: ''Còiseam mac Chailein''), known in most modern regnal lists as Constantine III,〔Until the Victorian era, Constantine, son of Áed was listed as "Constantine III of Scotland", and this Constantine as "Constantine IV". Since then, revised historical opinion has removed Caustantín of the Picts, previously titled "Constantine I of Scotland", from the traditional list of Scottish monarchs, leading to this Constantine being retitled as "Constantine III".〕 (before 971–997) was king of Scots from 995 to 997. He was the son of Cuilén, King of Scotland (Cuilén mac Iduilb).〔.Listing includes all kings descended from him.〕 John of Fordun calls him, in Latin, Constantinus Calvus,
〔(Skene, Coronation Stone, p. 93 )〕 which translates to Constantine the Bald.〔(Williams, Smyth, and Kirby, A Biographical Dictionary of Dark Age Britain: England, Scotland, and Wales, c. 500-c. 1050, p. 89 )〕 Benjamin Hudson notes that insular authors from Ireland and Scotland typically identified rulers by sobriquets. Noting for example the similarly named Eugenius Calvus (Owen the Bald), an 11th-century King of Strathclyde.〔(Hudson, A Biographical Dictionary of Scottish Gaze, p. 50 )〕
==Background==
The Scottish monarchy of this period based its succession system on the rule of tanistry. All adult male descendants of previous monarchs were eligible for the throne. The kingship regularly switched from one line of royal descendants to another, though they were all closely related. Constantine was able to rise to the throne, despite his cousin and predecessor having a son of his own. The next two kings (Kenneth III, Malcolm II) were his cousins, and killed their respective predecessor to gain the throne. The succession rule had the benefit of ensuring that there would always be an adult king on the throne, avoiding the usual problems of minority reigns. The various kings had their lands and power bases in different areas of Scotland, preventing any single region from claiming full domination of the others. This may have helped the country avoid significant secession movements. The downside was that any single king had to face adult rivals for the throne. His kinsmen had their own ambitions and would not wait for his death from natural causes to achieve them. The succession was often decided through acts of warfare and murder, resulting in early deaths and high casualty rates in the extended royal family.〔(Mitchison, A History of Scotland, p. 13 )〕
During the 10th century, there were dynastic conflicts in Scotland between two rival lines of royalty. One descended from Causantín mac Cináeda (Constantine I, reigned 862-877), the other from his brother Áed mac Cináeda (reigned 877-878). Constantine III belonged to the second line. His royal ancestors included Áed himself, Constantine II of Scotland (reigned 900-943), Indulf (reigned 954-962), and Cuilén (reigned 967-971). Amlaíb of Scotland (reigned 973-977) was his paternal uncle.〔〔(Smyth, Warlords and Holy Men: Scotland AD 80-1000, p. 223-224 )〕 The alternation between the two royal lines seems to have been peaceful for a long time; Alfred P. Smyth regards this early phase as "a century of kingly coexistence". The armed conflict between the lines seems to have started in the 960s, when Cuilén challenged the rule of his cousin Dub, King of Scotland (962-967). The initial motivation behind the conflict is unclear. Smyth speculates that control over the Kingdom of Strathclyde might have been a major factor.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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